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AI Regulation
&
Government Use of AI

INTERNATIONAL & DOMESTIC LEGISLATION
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Center for AI & Digital Policy, Artificial Intelligence & Democratic Values - AIDV Index 2023 - Comparative country reports (published April 2024)

CAIDP, AI & Democratic Values - AIDV Index 2022

CAIDP, AI & Democratic Values - AIDV Index 2021

CAIDP, AI & Democratic Values - AIDV Inxex 2020

Council of Europe, The Framework convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, 2024

Council of Europe - Possible elements of a legal framework on artificial intelligence, based on COE’s standards on human rights, democracy and the rule of law, 2022
Council of Europe - Feasibility study on a legal framework on AI design, development and application based on COE’s standards, 2021

European Union, AI Act - Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, harmonised rules on artificial intelligence 2024
EU - Council of the EU, Final Presidential Compromise Act (3 Nov. 2022)

EU - Study to support an impact assessment of regulatory requirements for Artificial Intelligence in Europe, 2021
EU - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 2018
 
International Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Outlook and Review – 2019 (Gibson Dunn)
Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Annual Legal Review - 2020 (Gibson Dunn)
Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Annual Legal Review - 2021 (Gibson Dunn)
Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Annual Legal Review - 2022 (Gibson Dunn)
Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Annual Legal Review - 2023 (Gibson Dunn)
Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Annual Legal Review - 2024 (Gibson Dunn)
ModelOriented / MAIR: Github repository for emerging AI regulations

Institute for the Future of Work: Tracking international legislation relevant to AI at work

 
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US - The Privacy Act of 1974
​​US - Executive Order 13859 (Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence), 2019
US - Executive Order 13960 (Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government), 2020
US - Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, 2022
US - Executive Order 14110 (Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI), 2023
AI.GOV: US Federal AI Use Case Inventory

US - California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), 2019​​
US - California The Body Camera Accountability Act (AB 1215), 2019
US - E-Government Act, 2002
US - Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 1974
US - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), 1996
 
EPIC: The State of State AI Laws: 2023 (US states)
US - Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), 2008
US - Illinois Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act of 2019
US - NYC Local Law 144, Automated Employment Decision Tools
US - Vermont H 410 – An act relating to the use and oversight of artificial intelligence in State government 
US - Connecticut S1103: An act Concerning Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision-Making and Personal Data Privacy
US - Colorado SB24-205: Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence
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PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF AI

​Hickok: From Trustworthy AI Principles to Public Procurement Practices
Hickok: Public procurement of artificial intelligence systems: new risks and future proofing
Hickok & Hu: Don’t Let Governments Buy AI Systems That Ignore Human Rights
OMB Memo: M-24-10 Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence (March 28, 2024)
OMB Memo: M-23-16 Update to Memorandum M-22-18, Enhancing the Security of the Software Supply Chain through Secure Software Development Practices (June 9, 2023)
OMB Memo: M-21-06 Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications (November 17, 2020)
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GOVERNMENT USE OF AI - DUE PROCESS - LITIGATION

Access Now: Mapping Regulatory Proposals for AI in EU

ACLU:  Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter Provided Data Access for a Surveillance Product Marketed to Target Activists of Color

Administrative Conference of the United States: Government by Algorithm: Artificial Intelligence in Federal Administrative Agencies

aedp:  RGPD compliance of processings that embed Artificial Intelligence An Introduction

The Appeal:  Risk Assessment: Explained, 2019

AI Now Institute: Litigating Algorithms: Challenging Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems, (2018)

AI Now Institute: Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems, (2019)

AI Now Institute: New York City Automated Decision System Task Force Comments Compilation, (2019)

Amba Kak, ed., “Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions” AI Now Institute, September 1 2020

Ala-Pietilä, Pekka and Smuha, Nathalie A., A Framework for Global Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence and its Governance (September 2020). Forthcoming in 'Reflections of AI for Humanity', coord. by B. Braunschweig and M. Ghallab, Springer (2021)

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American Bar Association:  Resolution urging courts and lawyers to address the emerging ethical and legal issues related to the usage of artificial intelligence (“AI”) in the practice of law, (August 2019)

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​​​​AlgorithmWatch:  Automating Society Report 2020

​​​​​AlgorithmWatch in cooperation with Bertelsmann Stiftung, supported by the Open Society Foundations:  Automating Society Taking Stock of Automated Decision-Making in the EU (January 2019)

Banisar, David, National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2019 (November 30, 2019)

B. Green, “Fair” risk assessments: A precarious approach for criminal justice reform, in: 5thWorkshop on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning, 2018

Bryson, J.J., Diamantis, M.E. & Grant, T.D.: Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artif Intell Law 25, 273–291 (2017)

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Chander, Anupam: Future-Proofing Law. UC Davis Law Review, (November 2017)

Citron, Danielle Keats, "Technological Due Process" (2009). Faculty Scholarship. 1012

Corbett-Davies, Sam; Pierson, Emma; Feller, Avi; Goel, Sharad; Huq,Aziz: Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness, (2017_

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Data & Society: Poverty Lawgorithms.  A Poverty Lawyer’s Guide to Fighting. Automated Decision-Making Harms on Low-Income Communities

Deeks, Ashely: Judical Demand for Explainable AI, (2019)

Element AI & Nesta:  Data Trusts A new tool for data governance

Ensign, Danielle; A. Friedler, Sorelle; Neville, Scott; Scheidegger, Carlos; Venkatasubramanian, Suresh: Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing, (December 2017)

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Erik Learned-Miller, Vicente Ordóñez, Jamie Morgenstern, and JoyBuolamwini, Facial Recognition Technologies in the Wild: A Call for a Federal Office. (2020)

E. Soares, P. Angelov, Fair-by-design explainable models for prediction of recidivism, (2019)

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European Commission: Report on Liability for Artificial Intelligence and other emerging technologies, (November 2019)

European Commission: European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment

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European Parliament:  European Parliament resolution with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, (16 February 2017)

FAT* 2018 Translation Tutorial: Understanding the Context and Consequences of Pre-trial Detention (April 2018)

FAT* 2018 Translation Tutorial: 21 Definitions of Fairness and Their Politics (April 2018)

Finale Doshi-Velez, Mason Kortz, Ryan Budish, Chris Bavitz, Sam Gershman, David O’Brien, Kate Scott, Stuart Shieber, James Waldo, David Weinberger, Adrian Weller, Alexandra Wood: Accountability of AI Under the Law: The Role of Explanation (Working Draft)

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Gutierrez Gaviria, Carlos Ignacio, The Unforeseen Consequences of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Society: A Systematic Review of Regulatory Gaps Generated by AI in the U.S. (2020)

Hamon, R., Junklewitz, H. and Sanchez Martin, J., Robustness and Explainability of Artificial Intelligence, EUR 30040 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, (2020)

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Hao, Karen and Stray, Jonathan Can you make AI fairer than a judge? Play our courtroom algorithm game, (October 2019)

Hirsch, Dennis, That's Unfair! Or Is It? Big Data, Discrimination and the FTC's Unfairness Authority (2015). Kentucky Law Journal, Vol. 103, 2015, Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 350

​​​House Committee on Oversight and Reform: “Facial Recognition Technology: Its Impact on our Civil Rights and Liberties”, (2019)

IBM Center for The Business of Government: Predictive Policing: Preventing Crime with Data and Analytics, (2013)

The Intercept:  Prisons Across the U.S. Are Quietly Building Databases of Incarcerated People’s Voice Prints, (2019)

International Association for AI and Law:  for more than 30 years, the ICAIL conference has been the foremost international conference addressing research in Artificial Intelligence and Law. It is organized biennially under the auspices of the International Association for Artificial Intelligence and Law (IAAIL), and in cooperation with the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)

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Karppi, T.: “The Computer Said So”: On the Ethics, Effectiveness, and Cultural Techniques of Predictive Policing. Social Media + Society (2018)

The Law Society: Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System, (2019)

Levendowski, Amanda: How Copyright Law Can Fix Artificial Intelligence's Implicit Bias Problem (July 24, 2017). 93 Wash. L. Rev. 579 (2018).

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Library of Congress, Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Selected Jurisdictions

Maranke Wieringa. What to account for when accounting for algorithms: A systematic literature review on algorithmic accountability. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* ’20), January 27–30, 2020, Barcelona, Spain. ACM, New York,

Micklitz, H.-W., Pollicino, O., Reichman, A., Simoncini, A., Sartor, G., & De Gregorio, G. (Eds.). Constitutional Challenges in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2021).

Mireille Hildebrandt, Bert‐Jaap Koops: The Challenges of Ambient Law and Legal Protection in the Profiling Era, (2010)

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MIT Technology Review, "Every study we could find on what automation will do to jobs, in one chart", (2018)

Molnar, Petra, and Lex Gill. “Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada's Immigration and Refugee System.” International Human Rights Program and Citizen Lab, University of Toronto (2018)

The New York Times: Speaking Black Dialect in Courtrooms Can Have Striking Consequences, (2019)

Pacific Standard:  Justice by the Numbers: Meet the Statistician Trying to Fix Bias in Criminal Justice Algorithms, (2019)

Propublica:  Machine Bias, (2016)

Raghavan, Manish and Barocas, Solon and Kleinberg, Jon and Levy, Karen, Mitigating Bias in Algorithmic Hiring: Evaluating Claims and Practices (June 21, 2019). ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT*), 2020

RAND:  Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations, (2013)

Richardson, Rashida and Schultz, Jason and Crawford, Kate: Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice (February 13, 2019). New York University Law Review Online, Forthcoming

Rich, Michael, Machine Learning, Automated Suspicion Algorithms, and the Fourth Amendment. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Forthcoming; Elon University Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-03.

Rudin, Cynthia and Berk Ustun. “Optimized Scoring Systems: Toward Trust in Machine Learning for Healthcare and Criminal Justice.” Interfaces 48 (2018​

Theodorou, A., Dignum, V. Towards ethical and socio-legal governance in AI. Nat Mach Intell 2, 10–12 (2020)

The Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): RUSI Report - Data Analytics and Algorithmic Bias in Policing, (16 September 2019)

The Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): Machine Learning Algorithms and Police Decision-Making: Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Challenges, (2018)

Shackelford, Scott J. and Raymond, Anjanette, Building the Virtual Courthouse: Ethical Considerations for Design, Implementation, and Regulation in the World of ODR (January 29, 2014). Wisconsin Law Review, 2014; Kelley School of Business Research Paper No. 2014-10

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Skeem, Jennifer L. and Lowenkamp, Christopher: Risk, Race, & Recidivism: Predictive Bias and Disparate Impact (June 14, 2016)

Solaiman, S M.: Legal personality of robots, corporations, idols and chimpanzees: a quest for legitimacy. Artificial Intelligence and Law. 10.1007/s10506-016-9192-3., (2016)

Wachter, Sandra  and Mittelstadt,Brent. A Right to Reasonable Interferences: Re-thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI, Columbia Business Law Review – Vol. 2019 – Issue 2

Wexler, Rebecca, Life, Liberty, and Trade Secrets: Intellectual Property in the Criminal Justice System (February 21, 2017). 70 Stanford Law Review 1343 (2018)

Vox: How will AI change your life? AI Now Institute founders Kate Crawford and Meredith Whittaker explain, (2019)

World Economic Forum: Artificial Intelligence Collides with Patent Law, 2018

Zalnieriute, Monika. “From Rule of Law to Statute Drafting: Legal Issues for Algorithms in Government Decision-Making.” Cambridge Handbook on the Law of Algorithms (2020)

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